MARK 

II ANN A 

niS BOOK 



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SOC IALISM a LABOR UNIONS 
Y AS I KNEW HIM 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

DD01'^3D4bbfl 




Class^ tz (^Cp L^ 



Cofi^'rightN" 



COPVHIGHT DEPOSIT. 



MARK HANNA 

HIS BOOK 
f ir^t Edition 



IVith an Introdttciion hy 

Joe Mitchell Chapple 



BOSTON 

The Chappie Publishing Co., Ltd. 
1904 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 

Two Copies Received 
APR 12 1904 

Copyrljrht Entry 

c?fo. ; s - / ^f t ^ 

CLASS Ol XXc. No. 
COPY B 



Copyrighty igo4 

BY 

The Chapple Pub. Co., Ltd. 



Clje JFort ?^ill ^Press 

SAMUEL USHER 

176 TO 184 HIGH STREET 

BOSTON. MASS. 



i. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Socialism and the Labor Unions , . 30 
William McKinley as I Knew Him: 

I. His Masterly Campaigns ... 46 

II. Glimpses of His Personality . . 60 

III. In the White House ... 74 



INTRODUCTION 

A SHORT time prior to his death, I sat at the 
feet of one whom I consider the greatest giver il 
^L22wer I have ever known among men. It // 
was during the early hours of Sunday, in his 
room at the Ariington Hotel in Washington, 
that I sat for three hours and heard a sermon 
the Hke of which I never listened to before. 
There was no text from Holy Writ, but rather 
from the human heart was the lesson drawn. 
It seemed as though in those serene moments, 
in the quietude that always clings to the day 
of rest, he spoke words that were almost super- 
natural. His great heart seemed to well up 
in sympathy for humanity, as he outlined the 
great culminating idea of his life-work. In that 
hour he gave forth a message to the world that, '/ 
reduced to writing and published in the National 
Magazine for February, 1904, won the appro- 
bation of the whole country. Those brown 
and brilliant eyes glistened afresh with the 
deep feeling that filled his breast. His words, 

5 



««■! 



6 Mark Hanna: His Book 

listened to with rapt attention, were freighted 
with wisdom, affection and kindliness, impress- 
ive of his greatness as a man and a statesman. 
His serenity and gentleness emphasized the 
grandeur of his character as husband, father, 
brother, friend, statesman, philanthropist and 
patriot. 

As he sat there straight before his desk talk- 
ing, I looked at the kind features which I had 
grown to love as dearly as those of m y own 
father, and was struck anew with his remark- 
able resemblance to William McKinley ; and 
somehow the thought flashed over me as I 
listened in almost breathless wonder, — "Is 
this to be the last message of our beloved chief- 
tain? Is all this to sum up in one utterance 
his final counsel and admonition to his country- 
men, as did that memorable last speech of 
William McKinley at Buffalo?" 

I shuddered at the thought, but yet there 
was in the Senator's face a pallor, and in his 
frame a perceptible languor, that told how 
freely and unselfishly he had given his vital 
force as an offering to his country and his 
fellowmen. 



Introduction 7 

It was in this last talk that he told me many 
details of his early life — how at college he 
*' was a boy, and a real boy at that," he play- 
fully said. He told how he had joined in a 
plot to break up the junior exhibition when 
one of the president's sons was in the class. 
A copy of the program was secured, and late 
that night he drove into Cleveland, roused a 
printer out of bed and had printed a satire on 
'* The Ubiquitous Juniors." Returning at early 
dawn, the problem was how to distribute the 
programs. After canvassing the matter in secret 
caucus, it was finally decided that ** Mark " 
would have to do it. So he marched boldly 
into the chapel that morning with arms full of 
satirical matter, which he scattered like the 
leaves of Autumn, up one aisle and down the 
other, with the distinguished faculty chasing him 
even to his room. He was brought before the 
august fathers of the college, and in manly 
fashion told them he was the ringleader and 
was willing to take the consequences; but he 
protected his chums, who were in the mean- 
time carrying on the well-defined plan out- 
lined on the programs, which delightfully 



8 Mark Hanna: His Book 

mixed everything up. The jiinior exhibition 
was as inglorious as even their hearts could 
wish, but the future Senator left college. 

Later, clad in overalls and rolling pork 
barrels about for shipment, he was met by the 
president of that college. There was a cordial 
greeting, and young Hanna tried to impress upon 
his former instructor just how much the college 
had missed when it dispensed with his presence ; 
but the president eyed him gravely from head 
to foot and said, " Well, Mark, you have just 
about reached your right place this time." 

But those pork barrels were rolled and man- 
aged with the aggressive power and activity 
that characterized the statesman of a later day. 



It was on this last Sunday that the Senator 
related to me one of the most touching and ten- 
der incidents of his earlier years. He prefaced 
it by stating that he was past twenty-five 
years of age before he ever tasted intoxica- 
ting liquor of any kind. During those early 
days when he was associated in Cleveland with 
high-spirited young men of ample means, 
his father's heart was apprehensive, as the 



Introduction g 

heart of almost every father is apt to be for 
sons of tender age. The elder Hanna was rigid 
and uncompromising in his total abstinence 
principles, and often said he would rather see 
his boy brought home in a coffin than stagger- 
ing home drunk. For this reason Marcus 
never had a latchkey, but every time he came 
home late his father would get up and let him 
in. And surely no father ever watched over a 
son with more solicitude; but young Hanna 
rebelled and even appealed to his mother 
for a latchkey. 

'' Mother," said he, " you can trust me. 
Whenever I touch a drop of liquor I will give 
you back this key." 

What a splendid proof of the confidence 
between mother and son is here; and he 
obtained not only the key to her home at that 
time, but retained the key to her heart to her 
dying day. Needless to say, he was true to 
his word, and no incident in his whole life, it 
seems to me, reveals the sterling worth in 
the character of the man better than this. 

When he related this story to Mr. Dover 
and myself he especially requested that it 



lo Mark Hanna: His Book 

should never be made public during his life- 
time. " Because," as he said, " these things 
are apt to be misunderstood, and I prefer to 
have the people appreciate me for my public 
work and nothing else." 



A contemporary of John D. Rockefeller, he 
reached manhood in the dawn of the great 
business era of the country, and the keen brown 
eyes of Mark Hanna pierced the veil of the 
future; his associates of those earlier days 
always felt that he had a power that was 
bound to win success sooner or later. As the 
country evolved from the pioneer to the 
developed stage, he became a business man 
whose word was as good as his bond and 
whose dealings were always marked by exact 
justice and fairness. All these years of expe- 
rience accumulated and accentuated the keen 
common sense and business capacity that he 
gave to the country in later years. 



A young lieutenant in the Union army, he 
went to the front at Bull Run, and never wav- 
ered in his patriotic devotion to his country. 
At Washington he saw for the first time a 



Introduction 1 1 

President, — the tall, gaunt figure wearing a 
beaver hat and shawl wound about thin 
shoulders. Little did he think that he would 
some day name a friend as Lincoln's successor. 
When the megaphone rang out in the soli- 
tary woods of the Adirondacks, it called 
Theodore Roosevelt to be President of the 
United States and pledged to him the friend- 
ship of McKinley's right-hand man. When, 
later, in the parlor at Buffalo the oath of 
office was administered to Roosevelt, one of 
the first to pledge him unswerving loyalty 
and friendship in carrying out the policy of 
McKinley was Mark Hanna; and in all the 
intrigue of political warfare, in all the tempta- 
tions of power and position, — with the presi- 
dency itself within his grasp, — I know, what 
every friend of Mark Hanna knows, that he 
stood firm and steadfast by his word. 

It would be difficult in searching the history 
of nations to find a man more simple in his 
greatness and more honest and just in his 
dealings — a man so straightforward that he 
almost lacked tact. Prevarication of any sort 
was abhorrent to him; his great rugged hon- 



12 Mark Hanna: His Book 

esty stands as an ideal for young American 
citizens. Like Oliver Cromwell, he came late 
in life into the political arena, but, unlike that 
stem statesman, he retained his popularity 
to the last moment. Senator Hanna passed 
away only after he had given his supreme 
effort to his country for peace and good will 
between labor and capital. He died in the har- 
ness, as he often wished to do, and departed 
with the well-earned laurels unwithered on his 
brow. If there was any one thing that he es- 
pecially appreciated in his last days above all 
else, it was the fact that the American people 
had come at last to understand him. Car- 
tooned, maligned and abused as few public 
men have ever been, he forgot and forgave it 
all in the sweet, inspiring moment of his con- 
quest over prejudice and blind passion. 

The great victory of 1903 in Ohio was a 
personal tribute to Mark Hanna as a man 
and a statesman. His popularity steadily in- 
creased since those days, as was shown by the 
many messages of love and admiration that 
were sent to him during the last few months of 
his life from all parts of the country. And they 



Introduction . 13 

were a great source of gratification, not to his 
vanity, — for he had none of that, — but rather 
to his patriotism and his great human heart; 
for it was sweet to know that the country that 
he loved reciprocated that affection. From 
the North and from all portions of the South, 
from the Lone Star State especially, from the 
great West and the calmer but not colder 
East, came showers of tributes of love and 
admiration, such words as have seldom been 
as freely bestowed upon any statesman; 
and yet through it all he remained the same, — 
simple, sweet, candid, but of positive opinions 
and honest always. 



I must here and now pay my pe rsonal trib - 
ute by saying that th e succe ss of the National 
Magazine was made^possible through Senator 
Hanna. It was he who gave the first friendly 
grasp of the hand and insisted that it could be 
made a success. It was he who withstood all 
other offers of larger and greater publications 
to become a contributor, preferring rather to 
give what he intended to write to those whom 
he felt it would most help. And from the 



14 Mark Hanna: His Book 

moment that his first article on '' McKinley as 
I Knew Him" was pubHshed in the National 
Magazine, the growth and prosperity of that 
periodical seemed assured. His only protest 
to me was, " Don't put so much * Hanna ' in 
the National!'' And when I insisted that 
that was what made the magazine popular, 
he would blush like a boy and declare that if 
I persisted he would sever all relations with 



} 

I me. 



Among the treasures that I possess are the 
first pages of the article on '* McKinley as I 
Knew Him," written by Mark Hanna for the 
National Magazine, and which was, in fact, 
the first contribution he ever made to any 
periodical. There is something pathetic in 
these first pages, indicating the difficulty he 
had in writing about his friend in such a man- 
ner as to do him such justice as may be done 
by human judgment. These pages had been 
torn up and cast aside in the waste-basket as 
worthle ss when I rescued them; but they serve, 
to my mind, to show the courage and persist- 
ence of the man in accomplishing what he had 
undertaken, and not only the accomplishment 



Introduction 1 5 

but in not being satisfied with less than his 
" level best." That all this work was done 
as a labor of love there can be no doubt; and 
this and all his writings show that, though he 
entered this field late in life, he had sterling 
natural gifts as a writer. The simplicity and 
lucidity of his style make his writings more 
valuable than many more ornate compositions ; 
and in all he wrote there was the simplicity 
and sincerity that wins the hearts of the great 
American people for whom he wrote. 



I can never forget the day following the death 
of William McKinley, when, with tears stream- 
ing down his face, the Senator told me of the 
keen sense of loss and loneliness that lay like a 
pall upon him; nor how, in all he ever said 
or wrote of his friend, he never took the slight- 
est credit to himself for any part of McKinley's 
greatness. His own efforts were but as the 
dust in the balance, compared with his friend's 
excellence. Many a time as we traveled to- 
gether, as the train flew on its way, the time 
to me flew even faster listening to such " tales 
sublime " as might well grace the pages of the 
greatest history. 



1 6 Mark Hanna: His Book 

I recall also what an inspiration there was 
in his cheering face in the moment of despair 
or difficulty, and how that face lit up when 
the hour of victory came for his friends. I well 
remember his radiant face at the Philadelphia 
Convention, in 1900, when, as chairman, he 
waved the great plumes incessantly for ten or 
fifteen minutes while the throng of people 
cheered for William McKinley. And as I 
climbed on the platform during a moment 
of chaos, he turned to me and, with his eyes 
glistening, cried: " You here, Joe? Isn't this 
glorious? Take a plume and whoop 'er up! " 

After the convention adjourned we held 
converse in husky voices, and he brought forth 
a box of trophies with the remark, '' Now we 
want to get right out for the campaign." 

It was my good fortune to meet him fre- 
quently during the last years of his life; and 
while he was admonishing me to ease the pace 
at which I was going, there was he setting me 
a pace, in his sixty-sixth year, that it was 
impossible for me to keep up to, in the matter 
of traveling. First he was at the Civic Fed- 
eration meeting in Chicago, spending hours in 



Introduction 1 7 

earnest conference with the labor leaders; 
within a day or two, perhaps, at a leading finan- 
cial meeting in New York; the day following, 
taking his simple luncheon in his office in 
Cleveland, because he had not time for a regu- 
lar midday meal; then at a directors' meet- 
ing, and half a dozen other meetings, but never 
for one moment losing his grasp on the chief 
factors in his program. 



In all the years in which he was engaged in 
business, no word against him was ever uttered 
by the real workingmen. The idlers, it is 
true, did not admire him. Why was it that 
the great factories were stopped during the 
last illness of this man, and that thousands 
of men would leave their work unfinished at 
the desk or bench to get one word of possible 
comfort or hope as to his welfare, or at least to 
ask assurance that he was still living? Was 
ever tribute paid to any American more touch- 
ing than this? And what more is needed to 
indicate where the great mission of Senator 
Hanna lay, or what his great lifework was? 
His last, best efforts were given to the closing 



1 8 Mark Hanna: His Book 

of the breach between labor and capital; this 
work of his is not only fairly begun, but it is 
well done and will last for all time as the 
foundation stone on which the future^ ^^^difice 
may stand with safety. His influence it was 
that brought broader ideas to both sides in the 
conflict, and especially does his lifework stand 
for humane and just treatment of employees. 
As the scroll of history unfolds and shows how 
this great problem has confronted our nation 
in the dawn of the twentieth century, the 
fruition of the hopes that Marcus A. Hanna 
carried to his dying day will be realized in the 
sound adjustment of this vexed question. 



It was in the office of the Auditorium at 
Chicago, after he had returned from a weari- 
some meeting of the Civic J^ederation, that 
I sat down for a smoke and talk in an obsctire 
comer with Mr. Hanna. Presently a Salva- 
tion Army lass came along, rattling her tam- 
bourine for quarters, or pence, as the case 
might be. The Senator glanced up and saw 
who she was, then placed a contribution in the 



Introduction 1 9 

tambourine that made mine look like thirty 
cents. Pretty soon she came back. 

" Why, sir, did you know that this was a 
ten-dollar bill?" 

** Yes," he said; " I knew it. You belong 
to my church." 

Then she looked a little closer. 

" Why, it is Senator Hanna! " she cried, 
and that explained it all. Nothing more was 
necessary, for if the Salvation Army ever had / 
a true friend, it had one in Senator Hanna. ' 
During the visit of General Booth to this coun- 
try it was the Senator who gave the famous 
dinner at the Arlington, where the great leader 
of the Salvation Army related such touching 
incidents that he drew tears from the eyes of 
the guests. It was Mark Hanna who had this 
great leader offer a prayer and benediction in 
the Senate that sent a thrill through all who 
heard — a distinguished circle of senators, 
diplomats and statesmen. 



The life of Senator Hanna, more than that 
of any other prominent man, seemed to typify 
the American life of to-day. He understood 



20 Mark Hanna: His Book 

intimately and sympathetically all phases of the 
varied needs of the people. It was an inspira- 
tion to have such a leader. He was a captain 
of industry in the true sense of the term. He 
was also a statesman in all that the modem 
use of the word implies, showing equally broad 
comprehension and versatility on political prob- 
lems and business propositions. He recognized 
business as the genius of the age, and was not 
blind to any of the salient points of a propo- 
sition, notwithstanding they might be offset by 
sentimental side issues. It was a picture to be 
remembered to see him enter the Senate with 
his little cane, and limp to his_seat, serene and 
strong, *' four square to every wind that blew." 
To see his confreres gathered about him after a 
great victory — such as when, with a single brief 
sp^eech, he reversed the vote of the Senate on the 
Isthmian Canal question, conquering through 
the sheer force of his honesty and integrity, 
acknowledged alike by partisans and opponents 
— was an inspiration indeed. 



I liked to see him on a hot summer day in 
his office at Cleveland, far above the seething, 



Introduction 21 

smoking heat of the factory, working away in 
his shirt sleeves with all the vigor and energy 
of a man in his prime. I have often noticed 
that he never sat sidewise at his desk, but 
tackled his work square front, and erect. 

A visit to his beautiful Cleveland home, ''Lake 
View," was a rare treat indeed. It was as a 
host that Mark Hanna was at his very best; 
it was to this home that President McKinley 
loved to come during the trying days that pre- 
ceded his election to the presidency. That 
home is the Mecca of all Hanna's admirers — 
rich, yet simple and tasteful, in harmony with 
the spirit of its master. It was in the library 
here that he gave me the soundest advice I, 
have ever received. He loved mankind, and 
his every act bore witness to that sentiment. 
I think that in the walks I had with him I came 
to know him best, for he was capable of in- 
spiring and satisfying friendship in the highest 
meaning of the word; and during these quiet 
hotirs I heard from his lips words freighted 
with deep thoughts, full of the tender solici- 
tude that a father might show a son or a man 
younger than himself who had yet to live 



22 Mark Hanna: His Book 

through the struggle that he had passed over 
so successfully. In the briefest phrases, some- 
times, in disconnected sentences, the innate 
feelings of the man were revealed, interspersed 
with flashes of wit and humor. 



I have not spoken of his keen insight into 
character and his remarkable faculty for choos- 
ing the right men to help in his great undertak- 
ings. Notable among those so selected is his 
private secretary, Elmer Dover, now secretary 
of the Republican National Committee, than 
whom a more loyal, faithful and capable secre- 
tary never lived. As the Senator's political 
work increased, to say nothing of his business 
enterprises, the tremendous load must have 
swamped him but for the constant, careful at- 
tention of Mr. Dover, whose perfect knowledge 
of all Mr. Hanna's affairs made it difficult to 
distinguish the work of the one from the other. 
In view of the hundreds of letters and tele- 
grams that came daily to him, it was often 
necessary for Mr. Dover to use the signature 
of his chief ; and in one instance where this was 
done a lady wrote back saying that she could 



Introduction 23 

read the character of the Senator from his 
signature; but Mr. Hanna laughingly insisted 
that this noble character must belong, not to 
himself, but to Mr. Dover, who had signed the 
letter. There can be no doubt as to Mr. 
Hanna's appreciation of his secretary. There 
seemed to be a most perfect understanding 
between the two men. 

Those who were with him in the cam2aign 
of jSg^will never forget the tireless vigor, the 
alertness, the swift decision of the great 
political captain. A conference with Senator 
Hanna always meant business. He had the 
art of bringing all the vital points into focus 
in a short time. He seemed to sweep the 
whole battle-field at a glance, and never ap- 
peared to overlook the smallest detail. The 
same man who went among his employees with 
" Hello, Pete," " Hello, Jack. How's the fam- 
ily? " and with his joke and laugh brought out 
the best that was in them, inspired the same 
personal and unflinching loyalty in his lieu- 
tenants. No hour too late, no day too hot, 
no time too valuable to find the Senator pre- 



24 Mark Hanna: His Book 

pared for the duty before him. He often 
quoted to me the words of St. Paul: '' This one 
thing I do,'' which seemed to have especially- 
directed him, for he was preeminently a doer. 



While occupying the historic Cameron House 
on Lafayette Square in Washington, the former 
home of Secretary Seward, there was a ** con- 
tinuous performance," to quote from the 
vaudeville, in the early days of the McKinley 
administration, that was decidedly picturesque. 
The Senator would come down from break- 
fast to find an assemblage awaiting him. Puff- 
ing his black cigar and switching the little 
cane he always carried, he recognized every 
man in the anteroom and had a cordial word 
for each friend seated around on the old- 
fashioned chairs with their covering of flowered 
brocade. The same impartiality was in his 
manner whether he spoke to the man of mil- 
lions or the workingman. 

At eleven o'clock he was always promptly 
in the committee-room, usually reaching the 
Capitol by means of the street cars. He seemed 
never to lose a minute, but spent all his time 



Introduction 2 5 

in holding conferences or grappling single- 
handed with some problem. On returning 
from the Senate in the afternoon he would 
square around to his desk, and with his own 
hand write such letters as he felt could not 
be dictated. Among my treasures I cherish 
several of these letters as priceless possessions. 
He continued to work until dusk ; interruptions 
never seemed to trouble him, as he could at 
once pick up the thread of his thoughts again. 

It is a curious fact that in all these years of 
public life he never kept a scrapbook, and no 
public man could be more indifferent than he 
was to adulation in print. Once he was read- 
ing an anecdote which had been published 
about him, in which he was represented as 
quoting from the classics. 

*' Now, what do you think of that? " he 
turned to me and asked. ** Classics! I never 
knew anything about classics, and that fellow 
must have a mighty good imagination." A 
few minutes later his old teacher came in, 
Professor White, a venerable gentleman of 
about four-score years. There was a hearty 
hand grasp, and the old gentleman said: 



26 Mark Hanna: His Book 

" The same irrepressible Mark! Why, Mark, 
you were the most classical scholar I had in 
the old schoolhouse, and I always felt you 
had a classical genius for doing things." They 
talked over old days until I could almost see 
the old place and the girls and boys, and the 
refrain of time-honored songs rang in my ears. 



Once during the campaign of 1896, when 
McKinley was speaking day after day to the 
throngs who made pilgrimages to Canton — and 
days had passed since he had seen the captain 
of his forces — he decided to call him up on 
the telephone. His first inquiry was: 

*' Is that you, Mark? " 

'* Yes, Mr. President-to-be," was the an- 
swer in a confident voice. 

" Well, Mark, am I doing all right?" came 
the query. 

" Doing all right! " came the exclamation. 
" Why, Major, you have set the pace that will 
lead us to the greatest victory the party has ever 
had. Doing all right? Why, I find that I will 
not have to write any more of your speeches 
that the newspapers give me credit for." 



Introduction 27 

" How do you like your pictures in the 
papers? " asked McKinley. 

*' I haven't looked for my picture," was 
the answer; " it is your picture that we want 
the people to see." 

Ahnost every one who talked with the Sena- 
tor for a half hotir remembers some flash of 
humor, some joke. How well I recall finding 
him in his office last summer wearing a hand- 
some bouquet in his buttonhole. He saw us 
glancing at it, and smilingly remarked that 
these were the laurels he had won the night 
before, and went on to relate how he had just 
made an address to college girls and had told 
them that he always preferred women for 
office work. " And I meant it, too," he added. 



There was a pathetic interest in one of the 
latest callers the Senator received at the Arling- 
ton, — an old German who came to bring the 
greetings and love of his German commu- 
nity; and the good man in his broken speech 
insisted that the Senator would some day 
dwell in the White House. 

" Why, Peter," answered Mr. Hanna, '' that 



28 Mark Hanna: His Book 

would kill me. I could never stand the cam- 
paign, much less the duties of the office." 

*' Veil," said Peter, " Zenator, you might 
die in the White House." 

'' Well, Peter," replied the Senator, '' I have 
no wish to die either at the White House or 
elsewhere just yet. I have too much to do, 
and I would rather live to see the problem 
settled between labor and capital than be 
I President or anything else." 

** Veil," was the answer, '' if you won't be 
President, we vant you to lif long as our Zena- 
tor. We luf you in our hearts." 



Death has called another friend, but some- 
how, even in the depth and keenness of first 
grief, in the sense of loss of that warm hand 
grasp, in the obliterated light of those bright 
eyes, we see some hope gleaming and take 
courage to place upon the bier a chaplet of 
immortelles that will symbolize the undying 
memory of the great man, the wise statesman, 
the devoted husband, father and brother, the 
true friend, the brilliant financier, the noble 
philanthropist, the business man of unim- 



Introduction 29 

peachable integrity, and, finally, that greatest 
tribute that can be paid to an American, the 
great Citizen, truly a citizen in the perfect 
meaning of the word, Marcus Alonzo Hanna. 
JOE MITCHELL CHAPPLE. 



SOCIALISM AND THE LABOR 
UNIONS 

I HAVE always been a firm believer in the 
power of education, whether in politics, reli- 
gion or business, and there has never been a 
people more susceptible to the power and in- 
fluence of education than the American people. 
Although I came upon the political field rather 
late in life, I was deeply impressed by the won- 
derful manner in which the people of this 
country can be made to understand a direct, 
logical proposition. The campaign of 1896 
was to me an education, and brought home 
the belief that human nature is pretty much 
the same all the world over; that the funda- 
mental basis of right success, as it appears to me, 
is fairness and justice ; and that the simpler the 
proposition can be made, the more effective 
it is going to be with the people at large. 

There is no more engrossing question than 
that of the relation between labor and capital, 
which seems the paramount issue to-day. In 



Socialism ana the Labor Unions 31 

the dawn of a new century, looking back over 
our history, we are almost bewildered by the 
great and wonderful progress of the country; 
and no matter how we may demur against 
the changes that are thrusting themselves 
upon us, we must, sooner or later, grapple with 
the question — the serious problem — of the 
adjustment of these matters, instead of try- 
ing to turn back to conditions that have passed. 
Is it not better courageously and manfully to 
face the proposition of the future, and make 
an united effort to settle it ? With our beloved 
country possessed of greater physical advan- 
tages than any other portion of the globe, 
possessed of the benefits of a cosmopolitan 
population, standing foremost in the ranks 
of social industry and advancement, we have 
a heavy responsibility in proportion to the 
blessings we enjoy. The tendency has been 
to study economics purely from a political 
standpoint, and my experience has led me to 
believe that there are social and moral phases 
of the relations between labor and capital often 
lost sight of in the eager pursuit of gain. My 
attention was called to these things after the 



32 Mark Hanna: His Book 

great strike in the coal mines of Ohio, in which 
I was indirectly interested, and it was then that 
I concluded that the first thing to be done was 
to adjust conditions in a straightforward man- 
ner. 

It cannot be denied that there was a popular 
prejudice against union labor as an imported 
article. It came to us with the tide of im- 
migration from the Old World, where it was 
bred among conditions which do not and can- 
not exist in America, where the mighty ad- 
vantages of popular education are free to all. 

It must never be forgotten that organized 
labor is an older institution than organized 
capital. The instinct of workingmen to band 
together to protect themselves is no more to 
be wondered at than the same instinct when 
shown on the part of capital. Now, my plan 
is to have organized union labor Americanized 
in the best sense and thoroughly educated to 
an understanding of its responsibilities, and in 
this way to make it the ally of the capitalist, 
rather than a foe with which to grapple. 

It is often asked what is to become of the 
non-organized consumer if an amicable alliance 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 33 

is made between labor and capital. But there 
is no such middle group as this question im- 
plies. There is no other group than that of 
either labor or capital — every man belongs 
either to the one or the other, when you stop 
to think of it; for that matter, he is likely to 
belong to both. 

The systematic work of education was be- 
gun during the past five years by the Civic 
Federation. I took some time to consider the 
work of the Federation, and am firmly con- 
vinced that it is the object to which I desire 
to consecrate the remaining years of my life. 
I fully appreciate that it is a long struggle, but 
the progress already made under the motto 
of the Civic Federation — the Golden Rule — 
has stirpassed even my most sanguine expec- 
tations; and I am sure that the American 
people will sustain a policy, based upon the 
highest moral and social impulse, which will 
eliminate the passionate prejudices that now 
exist between capital and labor. 

We oppose the sympathetic strike, and this 
view was most heroically endorsed by the 
action of the Mine Workers' Association at 



34 Mark Hanna: His Book 

Indianapolis dtiring the great coal-mine strike 
in Pennsylvania ; we oppose also the boy- 
cott ; we disapprove of the restriction of pro- 
duction to enhance values — and all these be- 
liefs are being gradually adopted, not only by 
union labor, but by cool-headed and far-seeing 
representatives of capital. The decayed code 
of principles and policy that has no true har- 
mony with the spirit of the age — which is 
Business — is passing away. It is so easy on 
the floor of a convention for one or two inflam- 
matory speakers to set on fire the passions of 
their hearers, whereas the mature deliberations 
of the committee will hold in check such 
feelings as might otherwise be fanned into revo- 
lution. It must be considered that hereto- 
fore big capitalists, or the employing interests, 
have had the advantage, because there were 
more workmen than there was work. But 
conditions have changed, and for every work- 
man, on an average, there are two jobs now 
in the heyday of our prosperity; and it is ex- 
pecting too much of human nature to suppose 
that workingmen shall not desire a larger share 
of the profits. Has not this motive been the 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 35 

stimulating incentive of the men who are man- 
aging business affairs? We cannot justly ex- 
pect more from the man who has not been 
educated on the side of capital than we do 
from those who are thinkers and scholars, and 
have inherited these qualities for generations; 
and no one who is acquainted with union labor 
for the past five years can fail to recognize the 
wonderful advancement that has been made 
in conservative, cool-headed and thoroughly 
practical management of these matters by the 
workingmen themselves. This is coming to 
be more and more realized as the one great 
purpose in union labor, and when the men in 
that great mine-workers' convention decided 
to adopt the report of the committee, after 
it had struggled through an all-night session, 
and then manfully stood by their word unani- 
mously, it cast a ray of light on a difficult 
problem, and also enlisted the interest and 
sympathy of the American people in the wel- 
fare of these toilers in the dark. 

Every man is vulnerable in some part, and 
it is a rare thing to find any man proof against 
methods of kindness and justice. Labor or- 



36 Mark Hanna: His Book 

ganizations may be open to sharp criticism 
at times, but it cannot be fairly stated that 
they are always wrong. If every man is 
treated as a man, and an appeal made to his 
heart, as well as to his reason, it will establish 
a bond of confidence as a sure foundation to 
build upon. This is the condition that is 
aimed at by the Civic Federation — absolute 
confidence on both sides. Many of the ills 
that have crept into labor organizations are 
importations from older countries and will not 
live here because they are not fitted to our 
conditions. While labor unions may have 
been a curse to England, I believe that they 
will prove a boon to our own country, when 
a proper basis of confidence and respect is es- 
tablished. We have, perhaps, been too busy 
and too engrossed in our rapid expansion to 
look upon the ethical side of this question, and 
forgot that two factors contributed to the pros- 
perity of our nation, — the man who works 
with his hands and the man who works with 
his head, — partners in toil who ought to be 
partners also in the profits of that toil. 

All strikes do not originate in a demand 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 37 

for higher wages. There are other grievances. 
With the great army of employees necessary to 
our industrial institutions it is quite impossi- 
ble for each individual to receive such close 
consideration at the hands of his employer as 
in earlier days might have been accorded, and 
it is to meet this condition that we have to 
adopt the propositions of union labor, and 
press forward the campaign of education, which 
means reason on both sides, though it is too 
much to expect altogether to change the great 
current of selfishness on both sides. If there 
are enough people actuated by the right mo- 
tives it can be done in a great measure, and 
a feeling of fellowship established that will 
obviate to a large extent the disastrous effects 
of the strike. 

We must make the htmdreds of thousands 
coming from a lower social condition in the 
Old World feel that prejudice against the 
government is futile and unnecessary, and 
that they have a large share of the responsi- 
bility for the wise ordering of business con- 
ditions. All this takes time. Coming to us 
unlettered and untaught, it remains for us to 



38 Mark Hanna: His Book 

show what we can do for the next generation, 
and it is to them we must look to properly 
assimilate and carry out the American ideals 
of trade and industry. 

It is truly astonishing to consider what 
trivial disagreements have occasioned some 
of the most serious strikes. I have seen two 
parties stand apart, each with a chip on his 
shoulder, defying his opponent to knock it off, 
and moved by emotions and considerations 
that were very far from promoting the wel- 
fare of either party. There is more to over- 
come in the way of feeling on the part of 
capital than on the part of labor. Capital has 
been for many generations entrenched behind 
its power to dictate conditions, whether right 
or wrong, and the abrogation of this power is 
not going to weaken, in the least degree, the 
strength ot the hitherto dominant party, for 
no better investment exists for a manufactur- 
ing institution or a corporation than the hearty 
cooperation and good feeling of the employees. 
If we go upon this hypothesis, it seems to me 
quite possible that all differences may be 
obviated in the future by the proverbial ounce 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 39 

of prevention which is worth a pound of cure. 
As in our national legislation, and in successful 
business corporations, a large part of the best 
initiative conies from the careful deliberations 
of the committee- room and the conference, so 
may this national and almost universal ques- 
tion be met and successfully settled in the same 
way. 

The menace of today, as I view it, is the 
spread of a spirit of socialism, one of those 
things which is only half understood and is 
more or less used to inflame the popular mind 
against all individual initiative and personal 
energy, which has been the very essence of 
American progress. While this spirit of social- 
ism has caused apprehension in some quarters, 
it has been joyfully received by a certain class 
of people who do not desire to acquire com- 
petence in the ordinary and honest manner, 
and gladly seize any excuse for agitating the 
public mind, on the chance of putting money 
in their own pockets, — the men who are de- 
scribed as having '' no stake in the country." 

My own impression is confirmed by infor- 
mation from laboring men, that socialism, in the 



40 Mark Hanna: His Book 

European sense of the word, will never find a 
firm footing in America. There is a spirit of 
cooperation or community of interests which 
some people may confound with socialism 
that is making headway with us; but when 
any one attempts, for political or financial 
reasons, to advocate the whole program of 
European socialism, he will find little prospect 
of the seed taking root in American soil. 
This, I think, was demonstrated very conclu- 
sively in the Ohio campaign, where higher 
socialism was brought forth as an issue. When 
the people understand this subject in its full- 
est sense and some of the mysteries and the 
fascinating glamor connected with the myste- 
rious that now shroud the subject are torn 
away, and it is seen plainly, it will be foimd 
to be repellent to American ideas of integrity 
and honesty. Its objects will be seen to be 
the very opposite of those desired both by 
labor and capital, since it gives no aid toward 
the building up and development of the 
coimtry, nor does it guarantee each man a 
chance to make a home for himself. Fairness 
and justice will never agree to the confiscation 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 41 

of the products of one man's toil in order to 
insure comfort to the idle and worthless. The 
old law of compensation is operative now as 
ever. No ** ism " is wanted by the American 
people that will take from any citizen the just 
and equitable reward of his labor. There is 
always a likelihood of movements of this kind 
fascinating people who have met with a degree 
of failure in their own efforts ; but it is a short- 
sighted policy to destroy the fabric of national 
imion in order to promulgate a doctrine the 
very essence of which is selfishness. I believe 
a single vigorous campaign of agitation would 
quickly show what support these doctrines 
may expect from the American people, as has 
been proven over and over along these lines„ 
As a general rule, the American people are 
pretty level-headed. 

Now, I do not mean that those who have 
taken up socialism should be roundly scored 
and abused, for a great many of these are 
honest and sincere in their belief, which belief 
arises from not really understanding the mat- 
ter, having been misled by misrepresentation. 
It is usually said that there are only two sides 



42 Mark Hanna: His Book 

to a question, but in this matter there are two 
sides and two ends, and by the time our social- 
ist has surveyed the two sides and the big end 
and the little one, he will not find that social- 
ism is going to benefit him much in America. 

It seems to me more reasonable to take up 
the difficulties of labor and capital case by 
case, and situation after situation, as they come 
up, and try to adjust them in a manner at 
once permanent and peaceful; in this way the 
inherent rights of the individual will be better 
served than by an attempt to demolish a sys- 
tem of government which is so well suited to 
the needs of the American people and which 
has so well withstood the attacks of the dreamer 
and the agitator in the years that are past. 

If there is any one superb virtue that the 
American people possess it is courage in grap- 
pling with the issues of the future, and I do 
not think there will ever be a faltering note 
in this respect, no matter what the obstacle, 
no matter what the difficulty may be. But 
we must get right down to the belief that life 
is a matter of mutual interest between labor 
and capital; we cannot separate the two great 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 43 

factors which underHe our development; it is 
not possible for one to prosper permanently 
unless the other shares in that prosperity. 
There must be a common ground where all 
can meet with the honest determination to do 
what is right, meeting bravely the conditions 
as they change and seizing the opportunity as 
it offers for the betterment of all the people. 
The movement already inaugurated among 
large employers looking toward the utmost 
comfort and convenience of their employees is 
not carried out altogether from philanthropic 
motives but is a matter of business also, and 
it is one of the most hopeful signs of the times. 
This is essentially a great economic age — 
an age when energy, materials and purposes 
are all being utilized for the best. When a 
man loses his day's work, and is compelled to 
spend that time in absolute idleness, the whole 
community suffers a loss as well as he, and it 
is something that is lost forever to the com- 
monwealth; this would be found entirely 
unnecessary were the honest motives of both 
sides given proper consideration. And we 
feel convinced that we have a very great duty 



44 Mark Hanna: His Book 

to perform in resisting the onslaught of the 
sociaHstic tendency which helps to bring this 
state of affairs into being. Both capital and 
labor must yield in time to the great law of 
fair dealing, man to man. In proportion to 
a man's ambitions and his ability to earn for 
himself a betterment of his condition, there 
will be a striving on his part to attain his ideals, 
and this, in itself, is the germ of progress ; and 
just as far as that encroaches on others who 
are working for the same object there will be 
a natural resistance. But there are few citi- 
zens in this country who would condone any 
interference with the personal rights of a neigh- 
bor. There always will be a neutral ground 
where conflicting interests can meet and con- 
fer and adjust themselves — a sort of Hague 
tribunal, if you please, in the everyday affairs 
of life. 

The American labor unions are becoming 
more and more conservative and careful in 
their management, and are not likely to be 
led away from the straight road by hot-headed 
members. 

Business men, too, have found that fighting 



Socialism and the Labor Unions 45 

does not pay in trade. There is an old saying 
that the best lawyer is he who keeps his 
client out of lawsuits, and the best leader is 
he who can avoid difficulties; but the greater 
experience and intelligence which necessarily 
exist among employers, owing to the fact of 
their longer training in the forum of business, 
places upon them an important responsibility. 
I wish I could impress upon every American 
the individual responsibility that rests upon 
each one of us. Every year of experience, 
every dollar of accumulated capital, every 
talent we possess should be regarded as a 
sacred charge for the good of the nation, to 
help in uniting the interests of rich and poor, 
learned and imleamed. 



WILLIAM McKINLEY AS I 
KNEW HIM 

I. His Masterly Campaigns 

It is something over thirty years ago that 
I first knew WilHam McKinley, a young prac- 
ticing attorney at Canton, Ohio. Strange as 
it may seem, I cannot recall the exact time or 
place when I first met him. I know that it 
was early in the seventies, and I have a recol- 
lection of being strangely attracted to the quiet 
and methodical lawyer. Our acquaintance 
was somewhat closer after his election to Con- 
gress and in some way I always felt a personal 
interest in his contests from time to time. Our 
acquaintanceship was a simple growth of 
friendship. His splendid work in the cause 
of Protection as a congressman further at- 
tracted me. This was even before he had 
reached prominence in Congress as a member 
of the Ways and Means Committee. I never 
thought of the possibility at that time of his 
becoming a candidate for the presidency, and 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 47 

was not especially active in politics except in 
so far as exercising my influence in the inter- 
ests of the Republican party. Our first asso- 
ciation politically was in 1880, when Ohio took 
a prominent part in the campaign in which 
Garfield was elected. In 1884 William Mc- 
Kinley was elected delegate at large to the 
Republican National Convention, and I was 
also a delegate. McKinley was an enthusi- 
astic supporter of Blaine, and I was for John 
Sherman, and we contested the delegation 
vigorously for our men. In the national con- 
vention of 1888 we were present again as dele- 
gates, but this time we were both pledged for 
John Sherman, and it was at this time McKin- 
ley made the famous speech which I felt des- 
tined him as a marked man for President. 



Even before this our friendship had seemed 
to grow into something more than that of 
ordinary personal or political associates. Some- 
how I felt for him an affection that cannot be 
explained, and it was at this convention that 
I gained an insight into the unselfish, unfalter- 
ing loyalty which William McKinley gave to 
every cause he espoused. 



48 Mark Hanna: His Book 

During that convention we occupied the 
same rooms, and were in conference day and 
night as to the best ways and means to bring 
about the nomination of John Sherman, Ohio's 
Grand Old Man. 

I sat by McKinley's side when he eloquently 
demanded that his name be withdrawn for his 
own honor's sake, and history records that he 
did withdraw it. 

It was in the convention of 1888 that Wil- 
liam McKinley developed into a positive na- 
tional force. Blaine and Sherman had been 
in their full vigor in 1884, and I had the clear 
impression from that time that every turn of 
the wheel brought McKinley into a fuller 
measure of merited prominence. It was 
after a very hot day during the Chicago 
convention that General Ben Butterworth, 
Major McKinley and myself sat at a table 
talking over the events of the day. The dele- 
gates had brought forward his name. McKin- 
ley took a telegraph blank from the table, 
and during the moments of silence wrote 
down some memorable words. He passed it 
to me with the remark, ** If this thing is 



William McKinley as I Knew Hint 49 

repeated tomorrow, that is what I am going 
to say": 

"I am here as one of the chosen representatives 
from my state. I am here by resolution of the 
Republican convention, cast without one dissenting 
vote, commanding me to vote for John Sherman 
and use every worthy endeavor for his nomination. 
I accepted the trust because my heart and judgment 
were in accord with the letter, spirit and purpose of 
that resolution. It has pleased certain delegates to 
cast their vote for me. I am not insensible to the 
honor they would do me, but in the presence of the 
duty resting upon me I cannot remain silent with 
honor. I cannot consistently with the credit of the 
state whose credentials I bear and which has trusted 
me, — I cannot with honorable fidelity to John Sher- 
man, who has trusted me in his cause and with his 
confidence, — I cannot consistently with my own views 
of my personal integrity, consent or seem to consent 
to permit my name to be used as a candidate before 
this convention. I would not respect myself if I 
could find it in my heart to do, to say or to per- 
mit to be done that which could ever be ground for 
any one to suspect that I wavered in my loyalty to 
Ohio, or my devotion to the chief of her choice and 
the chief of mine. I do request, I demand, that 
no delegate who would not cast reflections on me 
should cast a ballot for me." 



50 Mark Hanna: His Book 

His name was brought forward the follow- 
ing day. Pleading loyal allegiance to John 
Sherman, he uttered with all the deep sincerity 
of the man a declaration that will live in all 
political history. It revealed the true loyalty 
and unselfishness of the man, and won for him 
friends and supporters who afterward joined 
their hands in making him President. 

He was always, from his earliest political 
career, such a willing worker that when I re- 
monstrated with him he would laughingly 
remark, * ' A good soldier must always be ready 
for duty." 

His utterances in that convention are the 
best index to his character that I know of, and 
displayed in him those rare qualities of man- 
hood which convinced me that he was destined 
to become a great power in national politics. 
And here, for the first time, it occurred to me 
that he was a logical candidate for the presi- 
dency in years to come. I was with him in 
1892 at Minneapolis, and, as it will be re- 
membered, the demand from the people for 
McKinley as a candidate was even more out- 
spoken and seemingly irresistible than at the 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 51 

previous convention. The situation was such 
that it would have been an easy matter for 
him to have spoken and won the entire sup- 
port of the Blaine men, to say nothing of his 
many admirers among those pledged for Har- 
rison. At this time it was evident to even the 
mo^t casual observer that sooner or later he 
would be placed in that high position for which 
his talent and particular abilities qualified him. 
The demonstration at Minneapolis con- 
vinced me that, although it was an impolitic 
thing for his interests to nominate him there, 
in the next national convention the popular 
demand for his candidacy would override all 
opposition. 



The condition of the country that followed 
the election of 1892 so clearly defined him as 
the one man of all others in public life to lead 
the Republican party that I felt that his nomi- 
nation was assured. 

As early as 1894 I began to feel the pulse of 
the people, that is, the rank and file, busi- 
ness men, laboring men, traveling men and 
manufacturers, to learn how far the sentiment 



52 Mark Hanna: His Book 

for McKinley had taken hold. It required 
only >he opportunity for the people of the 
Northern states to express their sentiment on 
the subject, and the result at St. Louis justi- 
fied the expectations of his friends and ad- 
mirers, and gave proof of the correctness of 
their judgment in believing him to be the one 
man who fitted the situation and insured the 
the success of the party. 

In the management of the campaign which 
followed I was made to appreciate how much 
McKinley 's strong and noble personality con- 
tributed to its success. How eminently serv- 
iceable was the part which he took in meeting 
on his porch at Canton the people who came 
in throngs and thousands to greet him, no one 
can estimate. He not only impressed them by 
the earnestness and sincerity of his speeches 
and the wisdom of his words, but there was 
always present the genial personality of the 
man that quickly won admiration and respect 
from everyone with whom he came into con- 
tact. No committee organization could have 
furnished this great attribute of personal 
strength which was so necessary to the sue- 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 53 

cess of the ticket, and none other than such a 
personaHty could have inspired individuals in 
all parts of the country to do their utmost in 
every way to secure his election. His entire 
and complete confidence in those who were 
conducting the affairs of the campaign stimu- 
lated them to their utmost efforts, inspiring 
in them a desire to show their appreciation of ; 
this confidence and trust in them. I don't 
believe that any other political campaign in 
the history of the Republican party ever i 
demonstrated such a growing interest and en- / 
thusiasm, and above all, confidence, in the per- | 
sonality of the candidate, which continued to I 
grow and increase from the opening of the | 
campaign to the great climax of Flag Day, 
which marked an epoch in the campaign of 
1896. 

It must also be remembered that his sup- 
porters were not confined to those who had 
hitherto always been identified with the Re- 
publican party. The others who joined us in 
the contest for the principles on which Mc- 
Kinley stood were equally enthusiastic in their 
admiration of the man. 



54 Mark Hanna: His Book 

The country knows today how well he filled 
the expectations of all those who supported 
him. In the earlier days of 1896, con- 
fronted as we were by unexpected develop- 
ments in the silver question, — four years of 
depression and an industrial paralysis which 
resulted disastrously to all classes, when those 
who were suffering were looking for relief, and 
the proposition was made for free and un- 
limited coinage of silver, on the plea that the 
expansion of the circulating medium would 
make better times — under such conditions it 
is not strange that we found in the Republi- 
can ranks an uncertainty as to what course 
to pursue. It became evident that the work 
before us was a campaign of education of great 
magnitude, the results of which must neces- 
sarily be slow to accomplish. 

If there were any dark days in the cam- 
paign, it was during the earlier weeks of the 
work. It was at that time that William Mc- 
Kinley in his conversation with us showed his 
buoyant spirit and his strong faith in the com- 
mon people of the country, believing that they 
would meet and solve the question right and 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 55 

endorse the principles which were to bring 
relief to all. He insisted that all that was 
necessary was to make them understand the 
cause and effect of the principles advocated 
by both parties. 

It was during the middle stage of the cam- 
paign that the results coming in indicated that 
the people were reading, thinking and deter- 
mining conclusions for themselves. They 
were beginning to see where their interests 
were at stake. All this was the confirmation 
of William McKinley' s faith in the people, 
and it was the joy of his heart to feel that he 
could read aright the signs of the times and 
that the end would justify his faith in the final 
judgment of the people. 

His victory was greater in its proof of the 
faith of the people in him than merely in the 
choice of him as President of the United 
States. This was the subject that in after 
years we often talked about, and it was a 
beautiful thing to me to see how much he 
realized and appreciated the confidence which 
had come to him as a result of his abiding 
faith in the people. If there had been no other 



56 Mark Hanna: His Book 

motive, this was the great incentive for him 
to use all the power and talent with which he 
had been endowed to give the people in return 
for their confidence his best life-work. And 
he consecrated the best efforts of his life to 
fulfill their expectations. 



My associations with him during the years 
of executive life gave me further opportunity 
to appreciate as I never had before the great 
reserve force which he possessed. He seems 
to have met every emergency and the un- 
usual problems and annoying complications 
of the times in a masterful way. These con- 
ditions furnished the opportunity for him to 
demonstrate his enormous talent and ability 
successfully to solve every problem, rising to 
the full measure of every situation and over- 
coming all obstacles. 

And then the summing of it all in that beau- 
tiful death, which was so characteristic of his 
career, is one almost unequaled in history. He 
had won the admiration, love and respect of all 
classes of his own people, and of all nations. 

There was one phrase used when we first 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 57 

opened the campaign for him that seemed 
to fit the situation, and that was the claim 
that he was the " logical candidate." In 
the first place, he marked out for himself a 
distinctive political career. He had spent 
every energy and used every effort in all his 
public service for the highest and best inter- 
ests of his people, inspired always by patriotic 
impulse, with a sincerity never questioned. 
His election to an office always meant more 
than the mere gratification of a selfish political 
ambition. He said to me once — and I cite 
it here to show that his ambitions never sprang 
from selfish motives — in speaking about some 
of the methods adopted in contests for the 
nomination, *' There are some things, Mark, 
I would not do and cannot do, even to become 
President of the United States," and it was 
my impression at that time that he himself 
had little thought or idea that he would ever 
be nominated for President. 



A great deal has been said about his pro- 
verbial good nature. He had that, and in 
addition to that an unequaled equipoise in 



58 Mark Hanna: His Book 

every emergency. In all my career, in busi- 
ness and in politics, I have never known a 
man so self-contained. He always acted de- 
liberately, and his judgments were always 
weighed carefully, although there were times 
when his heart impulses would respond quickly, 
without apparently the slightest delay. In all 
those thirty years of close relations, I never 
saw him in a passion, never heard him utter 
one word of what I would call resentment, 
tinged with bitterness, toward a living person. 
This was again reflected in the story of the 
assassination told by Mr. Milbum, who said 
that he could never forget the picture in the 
expression of his countenance as he glanced 
toward the dastard assassin. In his eyes were 
the words as plain as language could express 
it, '' Why should you do this? " And then 
when the assassin was hurled to the ground, 
when the fury and indignation of the people 
had begun to assert itself, he said with almost 
saintly compassion, " Don't let them hurt 
him." 

I know of nothing in all history that can 
compare with the splendid climax and ending 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 59 

of this noble life. One of the sweetest conso- 
lations that come to me is the memory that on 
Tuesday, preceding his death, he asked to see 
a newspaper, and when he was told, " Not 
today," he asked, " Is Mark here? " 

" Yes, Mr. President," was the response, 
and in that one sweet last remembrance was a 
rich reward for the years of devotion which it 
had always been my pleasure to give him. 



It is difficult for me to express the extent 
of the love and respect which I, in common 
with many others, felt for him personally. The 
feeling was the outgrowth of an appreciation 
of his noble, self-sacrificing nature. My affec- 
tion for him and faith and confidence in him 
always seemed to be reciprocated, to the ex- 
tent that there was never an unpleasant word 
passed between us, and the history of his ad- 
ministration, his cabinet and his associations 
with public men, so entirely free from intrigue 
or base selfishness, I think will be a splendid 
example to the youth of the coming genera- 
tions. There was nothing in the expression of 
his face or manner denoting exultation over 



6o Mark Hanna: His Book 

his victory when it was announced that he was 
elected President. He seemed to reahze fully 
the sacred responsibilities placed upon him, 
and the quiet dignity and self-possession which 
marked the man then and in days after were 
just what his personal friends expected of him. 
The first day I greeted him after he was in- 
augurated at the White House, in the course 
of our conversation, I inadvertently called 
him " Major " and '' Governor," and when I 
stopped to correct myself, he would say, ' ' Each 
one is fitting; I'm not particular which." 
/ We were both of Scotch-Irish descent, but 
opposites in disposition. He was of a more 
direct descent than I, but it is thought from 
our dispositions that he had the Scotch and I 
had the Irish of the combination. 

II. Glimpses of His Personality 

The one absorbing purpose in William 
McKinley's political career was to keep 
closely in touch with the people, so that 
he might promote their material and moral 
welfare. 

He seemed to study and watch current 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 6i 

events as a barometer, gauging the growth of 
pubh'c sentiment keenly, and particularly 
watching the development of the new indus- 
tries and new resources. He accentuated the 
American idea in everything he undertook. 

There was something sublime in the way in 
which he viewed his defeat in the tariff reform 
cyclone of 1892. I often discussed the situ- 
ation with him — and then we talked of the 
" McKinley Bill." I remember how his eyes 
sparkled when it was suggested that his bill 
was the sole cause of Republican defeat, and 
how he delivered a statement to me with an 
air of prophecy: 

** That may have been so, but the bill was 
passed so short a time prior to election that it 
was easy for our opponents to make charges 
and there was no time for us to combat them; 
but wait and see, Mark — wait and see. The 
principles and policies of that bill will yet win 
a greater victory for our party than we have 
ever had before. This misunderstanding will 
yet contribute to overwhelming Republican 
success." 

The general conditions were such, however, 



62 Mark Hanna: His Book 

that the party's reverse could not be attributed 
entirely to the McKinley Bill. There were 
other factors in the landslide of '92. 



During the early part of the campaign of 1896 
the charge was made that McKinley voted for 
the free coinage of silver. And with his usual 
candor he admitted that, in the earlier stages 
of the agitation of the money question, it was 
to him then a proposition he had not fully in- 
vestigated; he did not pretend to be a doctor 
of finance and had followed the popular trend 
of that time. After fuller discussion and 
practical demonstration of facts; after ob- 
serving the changing conditions of the country, 
and weighing the question in its various rela- 
tions to the fundamental laws of practical 
finance and the true policy best for the coun- 
try, his conclusions were voiced in the St. 
Louis platform of 1896. 

The last discussion that I had with him upon 
the money question before he was nominated 
was a few days before I left for St. Louis, at 
my office in Cleveland. 

He turned to my desk, sat down and wrote 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 63 

in lead pencil an article which he handed me 
when finished, saying: 

*' There, Mark, are my ideas of what our 
platform should be on the money question." 

I carried the paper in my pocket to St. Louis 
some days before the convention, and that 
declaration of William McKinley contained in 
substance what was afterward drafted into 
the plank in the platform on that question. I 
mention this because in subsequent discussion 
a great deal has been said about the construc- 
tion of that plank in the St. Louis platform on 
the tariff and money question. 

This absolute declaration was given me by 
Major McKinley as embracing his ideas, and 
while the language may have been changed 
somewhat, the meaning of the article he wrote 
weeks before the convention was absolutely 
followed in the platform of 1896. 

As to the quality of his courage, I never 
knew a man more fearless. In the dark days 
of the Ohio gerrymander, when, as author of 
the McKinley Bill, he lost his seat in congress, 
he was cheerful in a defeat that had cut a 
Dem.ocratic majority of 2,000 down to 300. He 



64 Mark Hanna: His Book 

had fought an uphill fight, and although de- 
feated was elated over the confidence which 
his home people expressed in the principles 
which he represented. The defeat had no de- 
pressing effect on his mind and energies, but 
spurred him to greater effort. And in e very- 
serious emergency that confronted him he 
was prepared for the event — always calm 
and courageous. Even amidst the onslaughts 
of campaign abuse he never uttered in my 
presence one retaliatory word, but always 
referred to the enemy as " our opponents," 
while I must confess I used stronger adjectives 
at times. 



There was nothing that he enjoyed more 
than a social time with friends at dinner. He 
always entered into the spirit of the occasion 
and contributed his full share of merriment. 
And once aroused he showed a side of his char- 
acter that few were acquainted with. He en- 
joyed jokes to the full measure, and was a pleas- 
ant tease. When he once had a joke on me he 
rang all the changes; and no one enjoyed a 
joke on himself more thoroughly than he did. 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 65 

In 1897, when I was a tenderfoot, recently 
arrived in Washington, he asked me to give 
up a dinner engagement with some gentle- 
men to fill up the table as an emergency man 
at a dinner to be given at the White House 
that night. I declined, saying I had a better 
thing — not knowing that an invitation to 
the White House was equivalent to a com- 
mand. This joke on me was a delight to him. 

When he was a guest at my house for several 
days, or a member of a house party, his flow 
of genial spirits began at the breakfast table 
and continued uninterrupted all day. He 
seemed to feel as if he were on a vacation, and 
had the joyous spirit of a big boy home from 
school, always looking after the comfort of 
others, with never, apparently, a thought for 
himself. An ideal home-body was William 
McKinley, and the American fireside was a 
shrine of worship with him. 

At one of our house parties we had a flash- 
light photograph taken of the dinner guests. 
He was particularly fond of this dinner pic- 
ture because it contained a splendid likeness 
of Mrs. McKinley. 



66 Mark Hanna: His Book 

When McKinley laughed, he laughed heartily- 
all over, and was a perfect boy in his enjoy- 
ment. In all the social visits to my home, it 
was an inspiration to me to see the way he 
could throw off the cares of the day. It al- 
ways made me feel twenty years younger to 
spend a social evening with him, and I can- 
not begin to measure the depth and value of 
this friendship to me entirely aside from his 
public career. 



He was never much inclined, I believe, to 
take an active part in athletics, though his 
simple, normal habits of life kept him always 
in excellent condition physically and mentally. 
He proved the enduring sturdiness of his 
frame by his hard service in the Civil War, 
and by the tremendous amount of labor which 
he afterward put into the study and presen- 
tation of public questions. He was, of course, 
interested in the notable athletic contests that 
the college boys held, but it was as late as 1894 
that he and I witnessed together our first game 
of football — a Princeton- Yale game at New 
York. 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 67 

It was a drizzling, cold day, but he watched 
every movement of the game from the club- 
house with as keen interest as he gave to a 
debate in congress. 

When some mysterious movement in a " pile- 
up" was made he would turn and ask me about 
it, but I had to shake my head and confess it 
was my first game and that it was all Greek 
to me. 

He told me how he felt like the country boy 
who went to a college football game for the 
first time, to see the ''real thing." When 
asked how he liked it, the coimtry boy naively 
replied : 

"They didn't have no game; they got into a 
scrap and kept fightin' all the time when they 
ought to have been playing ball." 

At this football game there was little to 
foreshadow what was written in the political 
horizon two years later, but I do recall that he 
seemed to be especially popular with the sturdy 
young collegians, one of whom remarked to 
his companion as they passed by us: 

"Who is that distinguished looking man — 
the one that looks like Napoleon?" 



68 Mark Hanna: His Book 

The late President was particularly fond of 
a good play, and when he would come to stay 
with me at Cleveland over night, he would al- 
ways inquire : ** Is there anything good at your 
opera house tonight, Mark?" 

We enjoyed many pleasant evenings to- 
gether. He delighted in meeting the promi- 
nent actors, and was very fond of Joseph 
Jefferson. Many an hour have they chatted 
together, and Jefferson never failed to call 
and see him when in Washington. Sol Smith 
Russell was another friend. The drama of 
high standard was to him a relief from worri- 
ments of the day and thoroughly enjoyed as 
a relaxation. He delighted to discuss with 
these play-folks their drt, and how actors, like 
men in public life, had to cater to public wishes 
and how much their influence meant in pro- 
ducing plays of healthful purpose and moral 
teaching. Mrs. McKinley was also very fond 
of the theater; he always delighted to indulge 
her, and they spent many happy evenings to- 
gether witnessing the best plays that were on 
the boards. 

He never tired of seeing Jefferson in "Rip 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 69 

Van Winkle" and ''The Cricket on the Hearth," 
which were undoubtedly his favorite plays. 

''Mark, you meet as many distinguished 
men as owner of an opera house as you do as 
Senator," he would jokingly remark after a 
chat with an actor. He always seemed to 
have a keen scent for talent in any profession 
and was quick to recognize genius. The psy- 
chological study the actor made in portray- 
ing human nature before the footlights was to 
him fascinating. The personality of these 
men on the stage he believed had a potent in- 
fluence on the public mind. He never tired of 
high-class dramas; he was especially fond of 
Shakespeare's plays, and always attended 
thoroughly "read up." He would often chide 
me for not being more carefully posted on the 
original Shakespearean text, but I was most 
concerned in the play as staged. 

How well I remember how he enjoyed wit- 
nessing the play entitled "The Politician," 
during his second campaign for governor of 
Ohio. We sat together in a box. Roland Reed, 
who played the "Politician" and who is now 
dead, directed his remarks straight at us, and 



7o Mark Hanna: His Book 

McKinley enjoyed his hits immensely. The 
actor brought in impromptu points and so gen- 
erously improvised the speaking part that it 
seemed as if the actors and audience were hav- 
ing an " aside" all to themselves at our expense. 



A man of more generous impulses than 
William McKinley never lived. When cases 
were presented to him for relief that were 
beyond his ability to meet, he would apply 
to me or some of his friends for assistance in 
aiding worthy persons, and his friends were 
always glad to respond to these appeals. He 
was liberal without stint. It gave him actual 
physical pain to see anyone suffering or in dis- 
tress, and on such occasions he showed his great 
faith in friendship, never hesitating to go to 
any bounds in an appeal for others. What- 
ever he had in his pocket, whether it was ten 
cents or ten dollars, he was always ready to 
give it to relieve distress. If the applicant 
only required fifty cents and the Major had 
ten dollars in his pocket, the applicant would 
get the ten. He did not know such a thing 
as taking change from charity. 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 71 

Though he had no especial training in music, 
no person was more partial to it than William 
McKinley. And his tastes were as catholic as 
a child's. An)rthing from a hurdygurdy to 
grand opera pleased him. He would keep his 
hands or feet beating time whenever there was 
music about him. I recall many Sunday even- 
ing home concerts. Every one was singing, 
and he would call for " Nearer, my God, to 
Thee" and "Lead, Kindly Light." The 
radiance on his face when he sang those old 
favorite hymns, as if his whole soul was in it, 
is to me a sacred memory picture of William 
McKinley. 

He would urge me to try to sing and insisted 
I had a sweet tenor voice, but the pleasant 
charm of the happy occasions was never 
marred by my vocal efforts. 

I knew I could not sing, but I listened; the 
echoes of those happy hours will linger with 
me as long as I live. The little singing parties 
in our home after dinner were always his 
delight. 



I had the closest revelations of William 



72 Mark Hanna: His Book 

McKinley's character, I think, in our quiet 
hours of smoking and chatting, when all the 
rest had retired. Far past midnight we have 
sat many times talking over those matters 
which friends always discuss — and the closer 
I came to the man, the more lovable his char- 
acter appeared. Every time we met there 
was revealed the gentle, growing greatness of 
a man who knew men, respected them and 
loved them. Never was it the personal inter- 
ests of William McKinley that he discussed, 
but those of friends, or his party, and above 
all, of the people. His clear-cut conscientious- 
ness was pronounced. In these heart-to-heart 
talks — friend to friend — in the calm serenity 
of the night's quiet hours, we felt the ties of our 
life's friendship growing stronger as we simply 
sat and puffed and looked in each other's faces. 
These home smoke-chats are the treasured 
memories of a man who loved mankind much 
more than he did himself and who had conse- 
crated his career to the people. He always 
was interested in business and industrial af- 
fairs and understood them as few men did in 
their relation to the home comforts and happi- 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 73 

ness of the American people. It was in these 
quiet hours together that the splendid devo- 
tion of the man to high and noble ideals showed 
clearest. I think that a reminiscent glance 
at our smoke-chat meetings night after night, 
wherever we chanced to be, reveals to me 
most freely the great qualities in the man 
whom the world has so profoundly honored. 
I can see that kindly, quizzical look in his 
deep blue eyes under his bushy eyebrows, when 
he broke the silence after meditating: 

"Mark, this seems to be right and fair and 
just. I think so, don't you?" His ''don't 
you?" or "did you?" always had a tone that 
invited candid confidence, and this is a pecu- 
liarity that brings back to my memory some 
incidents of our acquaintanceship in early 
years that seemed to foreshadow his future. 

Looking back over the long years of asso- 
ciation with William McKinley, nothing seems 
to stand out more prominently than the hearty 
and sunny way in which he always enjoyed 
the friendly hours of recreation. These pleas- 
ant episodes of a purely personal nature are 
emphasized more and more as I think of him, 



74 Mark Hanna: His Book 

and it is these that I most cherish in the memory 
of the man. His greatness as a statesman was 
but the reflection of his greatness as a man. 
WilHam McKinley was faultless in his 
friendships. 

III. In the White House. 
I came to Washington a few days in advance 
of the inauguration in 1897 to make the final 
arrangements as chairman of the National 
Committee. How well I remember the morn- 
ing of McKinley 's arrival, as I went to the 
Ebbitt House to meet him. He had stopped 
at this hotel for many years as a Congressman, 
and was now a guest as President. I was 
particularly impressed on meeting the same 
McKinley that I had seen so often before in 
his room at the hotel while a member of Con- 
gress. There was nothing in his manner or 
appearance to denote that any change what- 
ever had come over him ; there was nothing in 
his expression of the exultation of success or 
political victory or personal prestige. If there 
was any difference it was that he appeared to 
me more serious, more warmly sympathetic, 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 75 

in the gentle dignity that came upon him under 
the weight of the great responsibihties before 
him. It would have taken a close observer to 
discover that he was other than the old mem- 
ber of Congress from Ohio quietly assuming 
the duties and responsibilities of an everyday 
routine in the work which he loved. He 
greeted me with the same sweet smile and 
hearty handshake which I had known so well 
for thirty years past, and I could scarcely 
realize that he had become the ruler of the 
greatest nation on earth and that he was still 
to remain the same confidential and loving 
friend as in the old days. 

After the pomp and ceremony of the in- 
auguration was over he appeared to slip into 
his place with an ease and grace that told the 
story to every one over again that had been 
proclaimed so effectively during the campaign 
just closed, — that William McKinley, of all 
men, at this time exactly "fitted the situa- 
tion." 



Immediately after Congress was called in 
extraordinary session in 1897, to begin the 



76 Mark Hanna: His Book 

business in hand, to fulfill the promises made 
by the Republican party. The changed con- 
ditions of the country seemed to engross his 
concentrated attention day after day, hour 
after hour, morning, noon and night. In all 
his talk and conversation with me there was 
one supreme purpose, and that was to bring 
the nation back to the old anchorage of sound 
money and a protective policy. His work 
from day to day was laid out with the system 
and care of an architect or an artisan who had 
specific duties before him. The Dingley Bill 
was almost ready for the House, and in shap- 
ing and advising along this policy, keeping in 
mind prosperity for the people as the one great 
desired object, he was always at his best and 
always enthusiastic. For the first few months 
of his administration his whole time was taken 
up in dealing with a proposition concerning 
which he was an acknowledged expert, and 
more than that, involving a labor of love which 
seemed to be more apparent in his work than 
a sense of perfunctorily performing executive 
duties. He was, in fact, enthusiastic in this 
work and had a happy, cheery way of meeting 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 77 

old friends as well as new acquaintances that 
had always stood by him in so many fights for 
the principles of protection; happy especially 
because in every outstretched hand that came 
to greet him there was a pledge of loyalty and 
support which made him feel strong and fixed 
in his determination to do his utmost for his 
country's good. It was not merely a general- 
ized or theorized purpose of patriotism that 
inspired him; he appeared always to have the 
specific and concrete interest of the people as 
individuals in mind when he undertook to 
solve the great questions of public welfare. 

In those days his social life was a happy one 
because his dear wife caught the inspiration of 
the work in hand and in the new environment 
her own life had been brightened. She was 
personally interested in those things which 
have made the White House a bright reflection 
of ideal American home life. Her interest in 
those matters was especially appreciated by 
the devoted husband, who seemed to feel that 
the great purpose of all American policies 
should concentrate in the betterment of con- 
ditions of the American home and fireside. 



CI 



r r 



yh Mark Hanna: His Book 

After the adjournment of Congress, about 
the first of August, 1897, the President took a 
much-needed vacation of a few weeks, but 
during all that time was constantly engrossed 
with work. He never seemed to quite throw 
off the serious purpose that had been inter- 
woven in all the acts of his public career. Im- 
mediately after his return to Washington he 
began the preparation of outlining in written 
data and notes the fixed ideas expressing his 
own line of policy which was destined to be of 
so great benefit to his country and to human- 
ity as well. When Congress reassembled in 
December, 1897, he had fully made his fore- 
cast and was prepared to meet in a masterful 
way the questions of the hour. 

The country knows only too well how 
quickly he grasped the serious situation that 
came up later in the island of Cuba and led 
to the outbreak of the Spanish war. It was 
during these trying days that I saw President 
McKinley in a new light. As difficulties mul- 
tiplied and responsibilities increased he seemed 
to grow even more masterful and self-reliant. 
As close as we had been as personal friends, each 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 79 

day seemed to unfold some hitherto unobserved 
strength of character and nobiUty of purpose. 
Under these conditions, I was forcibly re- 
minded of the criticisms that had been made 
at an earlier time when his candidacy for the 
presidency was discussed. It was claimed 
that McKinley was a man of a single idea ; that 
he was an expert on tariff matters only and 
that his claims to statesmanship were con- 
fined to his advocacy of the policies and prin- 
ciples of protection. Later developments 
proved this to be far from the truth. There 
was not a detail or a situation in any branch 
of the government with which he came into 
contact that he did not fully fathom and mas- 
ter. The intricate and unprecedented ques- 
tions growing out of the war situation he met 
in much the same way that he did as a young 
lawyer in solving the intricacies of the case 
before him. While he had a loyal and efficient 
cabinet, he always led in the newer proposi- 
tions presented. His judgment never faltered, 
nor did he fail to awaken enthusiastic support 
in all with whom he came into contact. In 
fact, his influence with men grew so strong 



8o Mark Hanna: His Book 

that the whole Congress of the United States 
was ready to follow his leadership in all matters 
pertaining to the conduct of the war, having 
perfect faith in his patriotism, tried and true, 
and his ability, which had time and again with- 
stood the crucial test. 

One of the remarkable things concerning 
his whole administration was this personal 
confidence and esteem which he universally 
inspired and so well earned from every man of 
both political parties in the Congress of the 
United States. In all the upheavals brought 
about by the conditions and new questions grow- 
ing out of the war, the problem of insular 
possessions and our relations with Cuba, the 
influence of his personality never changed or 
relaxed while his life lasted, and in the closing 
days of his public career was reached the 
climax of a pure and noble life. 

During the hot, sultry days of August in 
1898, William McKinley continued unceas- 
ingly his long hours of labor at the White 
House. Night after night found him at work 
if there were pressing matters at hand, and 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 8i 

usually there were problems of the gravest 
importance demanding his attention as com- 
mander-in-chief. Often I would go over to 
the White House and sit with him on the south 
porch when he had finished his work, with 
various members of Congress or cabinet mem- 
bers, and in the long Summer evenings we would 
enjoy those little friendly gatherings far past 
midnight. He seemed to consider these brief 
hours of recreation as well worth the arduous 
labors of the long day. During these meetings 
he had little to say of the serious and sad 
things of life, but was always an optimist and 
his enthusiasm was infectious. He was par- 
ticularly fond of telling and listening to stories 
and cracking jokes, always in that good- 
humored and gentle way which never pos- 
sessed the rapier touch of satire or temper. 



Perhaps the greatest strain upon William 
McKinley during his whole life was the few 
months prior to the declaration of war. The 
suspense of the situation in getting at all the 
facts wore upon him, and his patience under 
distressing circumstances always appeared to 



82 Mark Hanna : His Book 

me saintly. But when war was finally de- 
clared, and the inevitable came upon us, his 
whole manner changed. Everything else was 
cast aside to do with all his might what had to 
be done in pushing the war. He settled down 
in that quiet, serious and determined way 
which emphasized his mastery of the prob- 
lems before him. How often I have watched 
him in those thoughtful moods. He would 
remain silent for some time and seeming to 
commune with himself — "think it out," as 
he would jokingly remark. And when he had 
settled the matter fully in his own mind, his 
old natural manner would come back with a 
rebound and he was again the same smiling, 
sweet and gentle companion. 

His unvarying habit was, when advising 
with any one in matters of state or serious 
import, to first find out what the other fellow 
thought. On this situation he always seemed 
to build his premises, and he had a faculty of 
getting it out of you somehow or other; some- 
times he would approve and sometimes he 
would say nothing, but he was always an earnest 
seeker after the truth and the facts, seeming 



William McKinley as I Knew Him 83 

entirely to obliterate his personal prejudices 
in his eagerness to arrive at a just and equi- 
table conclusion. 



I have often observed how he never with- 
held his sympathy in any case, no matter how 
small or inconsequential it might be. There 
was a particularly interesting incident in his 
desiring to appoint an old school friend to a 
small postoffice in one of the western states. 
The lady was a widow and needed the income 
toward the support of herself and family, but 
the Congressman had previously recommended 
for the position a man who had been of some 
service to him in his congressional campaign. 
For a time there was an indication of feeling 
growing out of the matter and it appeared like 
a curious commentary upon the power of the 
President of the United States, when he was 
unable to control the appointment to a fourth- 
class postoffice, under the inexorable un- 
written law of precedent. But the situation 
was soon solved when the Congressman held 
a conference with William McKinley. The 
President had made an effective plea with the 



84 Mark Hanna: His Book 

irritated and annoyed member, who had 
resented interference with his absolute pre- 
rogative when fanned into temper by out- 
siders ; but the President won his point for the 
old school friend and none were more cheerful 
parties to the plan than the Congressman and 
disappointed candidate for the postoffice. 
They had felt the touch of human sympathy 
such as William McKinley could always in- 
spire. 



William McKinley was the incarnation of 
the best and purest statesmanship, which, I 
believe, exists in every American. His quali- 
ties that inspired in me a close personal friend- 
ship were given with the same unstinted grace 
and generosity to every individual that came 
within the influence of his personality, no 
matter how remote or how humble that in- 
dividual might be. His career is a treasured 
heritage of the htiman race, and marks the 
beginning of a new epoch in the history of 
the United States. 



\PR 1 2 1904 



